Waveguide Directional Coupler

Introduction

Waveguide directional coupler is a passive port reciprocal four port device, in which one port is isolated from the input port. In an ideal state, the four ports are perfectly matched, and the circuit has no loss. Directional couplers can be realized in many ways, such as microstrip lines, striplines, coaxial lines and waveguides, which are used to sample input signals and output signals (this application is called reflectometer, which is an important part of network analyzer).

Effect

RF directional couplers are typically used for test measurement applications. An example here is to measure the input power and reflected power of the transmission line by using a dual directional coupler or by performing multiple tests with a directional coupler. This can be used as a measure of VSWR after removing the loss of the coupler itself. Other applications include signal sampling, signal injection and power flux monitoring. In order to achieve the best accuracy, the user must also consider the loss of the directional coupler itself.

Principle

The waveguide directional coupler is usually realized by the distribution characteristics of microwave circuits. The coupling of signals usually takes place at a quarter wavelength or an integral multiple thereof. In these distributed couplers, the energy and field of two adjacent parts of the circuit interact to couple the signal from one circuit structure to the other circuit structure. We can also build lumped elements and hybrid couplers, which do not rely on the interaction of fields and waves between transmission structures to generate performance similar to that of coupling line structures, but rely on the network composed of independent (uncoupled) circuit elements.

Parameter Description

In an ideal case, when the signal power is input from Port 1, the output power should only appear in Port 2 and Port 3, while Port 4 is completely isolated and has no power output. However, in practice, there is always some power leakage to port 4.

If the input power of port 1 is P1, and the output power of ports 2, 3, and 4 are P2, P3, and P4 respectively, the characteristics of directional coupler can be characterized by four indicators, including coupling degree, insertion loss, isolation degree, and directivity, with the unit of dB.

Application

Waveguide directional coupler is a common microwave/millimeter wave component in microwave measurement and other microwave systems. It can be used for signal isolation, separation and mixing, such as power monitoring, source output power amplitude stabilization, signal source isolation, transmission and reflection sweep test. It is a directional microwave power divider and an indispensable component in modern sweep reflectometer.

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