Parabolic Dish Antenna

Introduction

A parabolic dish antenna is a single-reflective antenna that refers to a surface antenna consisting of a parabolic reflector and an irradiator (feed) located at its focal point. Generally, a rotating paraboloid of metal, a cut rotating paraboloid or a cylindrical paraboloid is used as a reflector, and a horn or symmetrical oscillator with a reflector is used as a feed.

Structure

Parabolic reflectors are made of metal with good conductivity, usually a frame covered by a metal mesh on the inner side, and the width of the metal mesh slot must be less than λ/10. There are four main forms: rotating paraboloids, cylindrical parabolics, truncated rotating paraboloids and elliptical edge parabolas, the most commonly used are rotating paraboloids and cylindrical paraboloids. Radiators generally use half-wave oscillators, open waveguides, slotted waveguides, etc. Types include feed-forward parabolic antennas, Cassegren antennas, Gridolian antennas, and surround focus antennas.

Principle

The parabolic dish antenna is a directional microwave antenna consisting of a parabolic reflector and a radiator, which is mounted on the focal point or focal axis of the parabolic reflector. The electromagnetic waves emitted by the radiator are reflected by the parabolic surface, forming a highly directional beam.

An ideal antenna can produce a beam like a pencil. If the reflective surface is elliptical, then it will produce a sector-shaped beam. The surveillance radar uses two different curvatures in the horizontal and vertical planes to realize the functions of a pencil beam in the azimuth plane and a cosecant square sector beam in the pitch plane.

Function

A parabolic antenna can be called a parabolic reflector or reflector antenna. This is a technological device designed to harvest energy. Falling on it, the plane wave becomes spherical and concentrates on the focal point. When spherical waves are converted to plane waves, the reverse process is also possible.

Peculiarity

The main advantage of a parabolic dish antenna is its high directivity. It functions like a searchlight or flashlight reflector, converging radio waves in a specific direction into a narrow beam, or receiving radio waves from a specific direction. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest yields, that is, they can produce the narrowest beamwidths, regardless of antenna type. To achieve a narrow beamwidth, the parabolic reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas are part of the high-frequency radio spectrum (UHF and SHF) where wavelengths are small enough to be reflected using reflective surfaces.

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