Practical Integrator

Introduction

The practical integrator is a component whose output signal is the integration of the input signal to the time. The integrator can be regarded as a continuous version of the counter, which can be output after the input is accumulated.

In other words, the size of the output signal is determined by the length of time the voltage appears at its input, because the current charges or discharges the capacitor through the feedback loop, because the required negative feedback occurs through the capacitor.

Integrators are an important part of many engineering and scientific applications. Like mechanical integrators, which can be used to measure water flow or electric energy, analog electronic integrators are the basis of analog computers.

Working principle

The electronic practical integrator is a first-order low-pass filter, which can be realized by analog circuit or discrete circuit. The integrator has the effect of low-pass filtering, but if there is a non-zero bias, the output of the integrator will continue to rise or fall until the output reaches the system limit.

The voltage integrator is an electronic device that integrates voltage with time, and finally measures the accumulated voltage - second. The current integrator is an electronic device that integrates the current with time, and finally measures the accumulated coulomb.

The charge amplifier is a current integrator, which is also used to measure the charge of Faraday cup on the residual gas analyzer to measure the partial pressure of gas in vacuum. Another application of current integrator is ion beam deposition. If the charge of ions is known, the measured charge directly corresponds to the number of charges deposited on the substrate. The electrode conducting current must be connected to the ion source and the substrate, and can form a closed circuit with the ion beam.

Classification

According to whether the integrator is powered, it can be divided into active integrator and passive integrator.

Active Integrator:

Active integrators are more widely used than passive integrators because they can measure a wider current range (more than 1 million amperes, less than 1 ampere) and a wider signal bandwidth (less than 0.1Hz, more than 1MHz). For Rogowski coil measuring low-frequency signals, the design of its integrator plays a decisive role in the performance of the whole test.

Passive integrator:

The passive integrator is mainly an equivalent network of resistors/capacitors. The passive integrator is only suitable for the measurement of large fast changing current pulses (large di/dt), because its performance in the low frequency part is very poor, and only when the high pulse causes the large voltage output of the coil, can it ensure that its measurement has sufficient accuracy. Therefore, passive integrators are usually used for lightning test equipment and rail gun measurement. Its only advantage is that it does not need power supply.

Effect

In some computer simulation software of computational physics, such as numerical weather prediction, molecular dynamics, flight simulator, oil layer simulation method, sound barrier design, architectural acoustics and electronic circuit simulation, practical integrator is numerical methods that can be used to calculate integrals in discrete steps.

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